Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 2 de 2
Filter
Add filters








Year range
1.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 57(1): 48-54, Jan.-Feb. 2014. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-702569

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) used in two different fluencies on injured skeletal muscle after cryolesion by means of histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry for COX-2. A total of sixty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups: injured animals without any treatment; 808 nm laser treated group, at 10 J/cm² and 808 nm laser treated group, at 50 J/cm². Each group was divided into two different subgroups (n=10) on days 6 and 13 post-injury. The results showed that the animals irradiated with laser at 10 J/cm² or 50 J/cm² presented the areas with cell infiltrate and pointed out to minor and mild areas with destroyed zones compared with the control group. Also, a COX-2 downregulation was noticed in the groups exposed to laser at two fluences evaluated in this study. Significant statistically differences (p<0.05) were noticed to collagen deposition in the laser treated animals, with the fluence of 50 J/cm² when compared to the other groups on day 13 post-surgery. Taken together, these results suggested that laser therapy could have positive effects on muscle repair in the rats after cryolesion.

2.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 15(4): 748-760, Dez. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-668247

ABSTRACT

Medicamentos genéricos podem ser introduzidos a baixo custo no mercado quando a patente do medicamento inovador expira. Os resultados dos testes que demonstram a segurança e eficácia do produto inovador podem ser extrapolados para o genérico, simplificando sua aprovação. Este paradigma não pode ser aplicado aos biofármacos, grandes moléculas de difícil caracterização, onde pequenas alterações no processo de manufatura influenciam as propriedades biológicas e clínicas do produto e podem resultar em diferenças nos seus perfis de eficácia e segurança. Não sendo possível demonstrar a identidade entre biofármacos, eles não podem ser aprovados como simples genéricos e necessitam regulamentação específica. Neste trabalho foram feitos um levantamento bibliográfico das principais questões envolvidas na aprovação de versões similares de biofármacos e uma análise comparativa da situação regulatória nos principais mercados - EUA e União Europeia - a partir de legislação, projetos de lei, diretrizes e referências técnicas de suas agências regulatórias - FDA (Food and Drug Administration) e EMEA (European Medicines Agency), respectivamente, visando à discussão do caso brasileiro. A partir da legislação e diretrizes estudadas conclui-se que, apesar de Brasil, Europa e Estados Unidos estarem em estágios distintos de definição de sua estrutura regulatória para biossimilares, é possível identificar algumas semelhanças nas abordagens seguidas, como a necessidade de tratamento diferenciado para cada classe de produto (ou um enfoque caso a caso) e de um exercício de comparabilidade passo a passo, cujos resultados definirão a quantidade de dados e estudos clínicos e não clínicos necessários. Entretanto, questões como intercambialidade e substituição automática dos produtos de referência por biossimilares ainda não estão claramente definidas. Do ponto de vista sanitário, a Europa apresenta uma postura mais conservadora, enquanto que EUA e Brasil parecem estar construindo um arcabouço mais flexível. Ao lado das questões sanitárias, entretanto, destacam-se as questões econômicas, de grande importância na legislação dos EUA e Europa e não abordadas na regulamentação brasileira - o que pode trazer insegurança aos produtores interessados neste mercado.


When the patent of a drug expires, low cost generics may be introduced in market. Trial results that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the reference product can be extrapolated to the generic, simplifying the approval process. This paradigm cannot be applied to biopharmaceutical products, large molecules difficult to be characterized. Minor changes in the production process can influence the biological and clinical properties of the product and result in differences in efficacy and safety profiles. It is not possible to demonstrate the identical nature of biopharmaceuticals arising from different manufacturing sources, so they cannot be approved as simple generics and need specific regulation. A bibliographical survey of the main issues involved in the approval of similar versions of biopharmaceuticals was performed as well as a comparative analysis of the regulatory situation in the largests pharmaceutical markets - U.S. and European Union - based on legislation, draft laws, guidelines and technical references issued by their regulatory agencies - FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EMEA (European Medicines Agency), respectively, in order enlight the discussion now taking place in Brazil. Based on the laws and guidelines studied, it is concluded that, although Brazil, Europe and the United States are at different stages of setting their regulatory framework for biossimilars, it is possible to identify some similarities in approach, such as the need for different treatment for each product class (or a case by case focus) and a step by step comparison exercise, the results of which will define the amount of data and non-clinical and clinical studies required. However, issues such as interchangeability and automatic substitution of biossimilars for reference products are not yet clearly defined. From the sanitary point of view, Europe has a more conservative posture, while the U.S. and Brazil seem to be building a more flexible framework. Besides the health issues, however, we highlight the economic issues, of great importance in Europe and U.S. legislation, and not addressed in the Brazilian regulation - which can bring insecurity to producers interested in this market.


Subject(s)
Humans , Biological Products/pharmacokinetics , Biological Products/therapeutic use , Drug Approval , Brazil , Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence , European Union , Licensure/legislation & jurisprudence , Therapeutic Equivalency , United States
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL